Key Stage 3 (KS3) Geography 2025 – 400 Free Practice Questions to Pass the Exam

The formation of caves in limestone areas is primarily due to the process of weathering, specifically chemical weathering. Limestone is composed mainly of calcium carbonate, which is soluble in slightly acidic water. This acidity often comes from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or soil. When rainwater, which is slightly acidic, seeps into the ground and interacts with limestone, the calcium carbonate dissolves. Over time, this process enlarges fractures and creates larger voids and passageways, leading to the development of caves.

In contrast, folding refers to the bending of rock layers due to tectonic forces and does not create the voids that characterize cave systems. Volcanism involves the eruption of molten rock from beneath the Earth's crust, which is unrelated to the dissolution of limestone. Subduction, the process where one tectonic plate moves under another, leads to geological features like mountains and ocean trenches but does not contribute to the formation of caves. Thus, weathering is the key process in cave formation within limestone regions.